Evaluation of the vegetable soybean seedlings production by speedling styrofoam in comparison at the traditional system
Authors:
Yokomizo, G.K. & Vello, N.A.
Abstract:
Exist a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) classification in two groups in agreement with yours principal uses: the first group, denominated grain type is employed manly in the bran and oil production, with medium grain size (one hundred seed weight (HSW) varying among 10 to 19 g), however have undesirable flavor; the second group is denominated food type, with flavor taste, constituted by two subgroups, the first with HSW smaller than 10 g, consumed in the sprouts form and natto (fermented) and the second with HSW presenting 20 g or more, being consumed directly by human principally in the immature pod form (R6 stage from scale of Fehr & Caviness (1977)) how snack, being denominated vegetable soybean, green soybean or edamame; presenting also the subgroups denominated sweet soybean (kuromame) and salad soybean (Vello, 1992). Adequate balance between nutritional values and protein content is a important characteristic of the soybean, which is superior than the bovine meat, cow milk and eggs, this vegetal protein could heal the malnutrition from peoples in substitution to the animal protein (Carrao-Panizzi, 1988), with smaller production expenses (Canto & Turatti, 1989). The main characteristics presented by the vegetable soybean are big seeds; sweetened flavor (similar to the nuts); carbohydrate content high; without or smaller undesirable smell (Rackis et al., 1979; Carrao-Panizzi, 1989; Orf, 1989; Vello, 1992) and smaller antinutritional factors content, principally the Bowmann Birk and Kunitz anti proteases (Orf, 1989), this characters are found in Japanese and Chinese genotypes. Recently in Brazil appeared a crescent interest to produce food type soybean with great seeds for exportation to eastern countries and, also to United States and Australia. The seedling production in paper or plastic cups and styrofoam to posterior transplant in definite local is common practice to food type soybean, in this way the present research had as objective to evaluate the food type soybean seedling production in styrofoam in relation at the plastic cups. Aiming at to verify if exist differences between these systems. The comparison among evaluated materials is the second objective.
Scott-Knott classification in two cultivation epochs from topcrosses among fodder type and grain type soybean
Authors:
Yokomizo, G.K. & Vello, N.A.
Abstract:
Exist a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) classification in two groups in agreement with yours principal uses: the first group, denominated grain type is employed manly in the bran and oil production, with medium grain size (one hundred seed weight (HSW) varying among 10 at 19 g), however have undesirable flavor; the second group is denominated food type, with flavor taste, constituted by two subgroups, the first with HSW smaller than 10 g, consumed in the sprouts form and natto (fermented) and the second with HSW presenting 20 g or more, being consumed directly by human principally in the immature pod form (R6 stage from the Fehr & Caviness scale (1977)) how snack, being denominated vegetable soybean, green soybean or edamame; presenting also the subgroups denominated sweet soybean (kuromame) and salad soybean (Vello, 1992). The main characteristics presented by the vegetable soybean are big seeds; sweetened flavor (similar to the nuts); carbohydrate content high; without or smaller undesirable smell (Rackis et al., 1979; Carrao-Panizzi, 1989; Orf, 1989; Vello, 1992) and smaller anti-nutritional factors content, principally the Bowmann Birk and Kunitz anti proteases (Orf, 1989), characters existent in Japanese and Chinese genotypes principally; such genotypes have been introduced in Brazil for the improvement of the soy being sought the human feeding, because the soybean cultivate in Brazil is from the type grain with medium size seeds (PCS between 10 and 19 g) and flavor bitter, astringent, besides of the high lipoxigenases tenor and anti nutritional substances presence. Recently is appearing in Brazil a new category of producer food type soybean with big seeds to assist at the interesting growth in Brazil to the direct human feeding and for export for oriental countries and, also, to the United States and Australia. A problem existent in the exotic genotypes is the non adaptability to the Brazilian conditions (Santos, 1988). A possible solution is the crossing among exotic genotypes with adapted type grain genotypes, aiming to meet in a same plant the genes to the direct human consumption characteristics, presents in the exotic genotypes, with the genes to tolerance at the photoperiod, high productivity and high seed physiologic quality from the adapted genotypes. The research objective was to compare the topcrosses performance among food type with grain type soybean by Scott-Knott classification in two environments.
Precocious germination of pollen grains in anthers of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors:
Satwinder Kaur, Harsh Nayyar1, R.K. Bhanwra and Sanjeev Kumar
Abstract:
While examining the pollen fertility in different genotypes of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), precocious pollen germination was noticed in all the ten anthers at bud, half-open flower and fully-open flower stages. Genotypic variation existed for this trait and out of the six genotypes evaluated, 'Palam soya' showed the least germination (17%) while 'Harit soya' had the highest germination (90%) at half-open stage. At fully-opened stage, all the pollen grains appeared to be germinated prior to their release from anthers. Stigma receptivity was relatively more in genotypes having higher precocious pollen germination indicating a positive correlation between the two. Some preliminary observations on this phenomenon, hitherto unknown in soybean, are reported here that may have significant implications in soybean breeding.
Screening and utilization of soybean germplasm for breeding resistance against Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus
Authors:
S K Lal, V K S Rana, R L Sapra and K P Singh
Abstract:
Soybean are susceptible to about fifty different viruses. Under Indian conditions Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) are of prime importance. The incidence of YMV was limited to north plain zone but since last few years it has been reported to spread to central zone as well. Central zone accounts for the 90% of the soybean production in the country. Singh et al. (1998) in order to determine the incidence of stem fly (Melanagromyza sojae), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and yellow mosaic virus, fields of 20 villages were observed during kharif in 1996. they found that virus incidence occurred in patches in most of the area. Yellow seeded soybean was introduced during nineteen sixties in India. At that time only three exotic varieties namely Bragg, Clark and Lee, found to be suitable under Indian conditions, were available to farmers. These varieties being highly susceptible to MYMV created general impression of a agricultural non-feasibility of yellow seeded soybean in India. Although this problem has been over come to some extent with the release of new varieties under All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on soybean. However, the resistance is not durable. Varieties showing field resistance at the time of release become susceptible to MYMV over a period of time. The problem may be because of prevalence of different isolates of the causal virus. Biswas and Varma (2000) reported five naturally occurring variants of mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), one from Vigna mungo (Bg3D from Delhi), two from Vigna radiata (MbD from Delhi and MbS from Sriganganagar), one from Phaseolus aconitifolia (MoL from Ludhiana) and one from Cajanus cajan (Pp1D from Delhi). Based on the host reactions a set of differentials was selected, which could be used for differentiating the five variants of MYMV. The variants of MYMV could be further distinguished by nucleic acid spot hybridization (NASH) using full length and fragment probes to MYMV-Bg3D DNA-A and DNA-B. The variants Pp1D and MbD reacted weakly with all the probes but these isolates could also be differentiated by using a smaller concentration of viral DNA. Based on the degree of hybridization the five variants appeared to fall into two distinct groups i.e. Pp1D in one group and Bg3D, MbS and MoL in the other. Usharani et al., (2004) studied various isolates from India on the basis of host range. Genomic components of the begomovirus causing yellow mosaic disease (YMD) in soybean in Delhi, India, were cloned, sequenced and evaluated for infectivity. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the virus isolate revealed more than 89% identity with mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV); therefore, it is designated as a soybean isolate of MYMIV (MYMIV-Sb). Total nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analysis of MYMIV-Sb with other yellow mosaic virus isolates infecting legumes established dichotomy of the isolates into two species, namely, MYMIV and mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). The involvement of at least two distinct viruses in the etiology of soybean YMD in India is reported. There are conflicting reports about genetics of resistance to MYMV. However, in most cases susceptibility has been shown to be dominant and governed by two genes. The strains can be distinguished from each other. At present essentially two sources of resistance is being used in AICRP on soybean, namely G. Max cv. UPSM-534 and the wild species G. sojae (Ram et al., 1984) . There is an urgent need to identify newer sources of resistance and to understand the nature of resistance.
Screening of Soybean Genotypes for Resistance against Stem Fly (Melanagromyza sojae Zehnt.)
Authors:
Awasthi, M.K. ;A..N. Sharma and R.R.Deshpande
Abstract:
Thirty-five soybean genotypes comprising of advanced breeding lines, germplasm lines, released varieties and farmers. selections were evaluated for resistance against three major insect-pests, viz. stem fly, girdle beetle and green semilooper. Some new parameters that have direct impact on grain yield have been used to categorize the genotypes into resistance groups. Accordingly, breeding lines . B14P58-59, D2P11, D2P23, D2P25, D3P6, D3P8, D3P23, D4P20, D6P18, D6P22, released variety - JS 93-05, and farmers. selections - Samart, Sel.-280, Sel.-1040, Sel.120, JS 93-05 and Sel. 2002 were found to possess multiple insect resistance. Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, is attacked by about twenty different major insect pests. Out of these, stem fly (Melanagromyza sojae), girdle beetle (Oberiopsis brevis) and green semilooper (Chrysodexcis acuta) are predominant in central part of the country, which contribute about 70 % of area and production. These insect-pests account for more than 25 % reduction in yield. The most economical way to deal with these insect-pests and avoid yield losses, is to cultivate insect resistant / tolerant varieties. Hybridization, involving identified resistant sources and agronomically suitable genotypes, is in progress at National Research Centre for Soybean (NRCS), Indore (M.P.). Several advanced generation progenies have exhibited good yield potential. But their response against major insect-pests was not deciphered. In order to identify potential resistant genotypes against stem fly, girdle beetle and green semilooper field screening was carried out using more relevant screening criteria.
Soybean Cultivar Identification Within a Selected Group Using Only an Agarose Gel System with Simple Sequence Repeat DNA Markers
Authors:
Prashant Bommi and David L. Ferguson
Abstract:
This research focuses on the feasibility of using only high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis with simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA markers to distinguish elite soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. Most of the soybean research with SSR markers has utilized sequencing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We tested our ability to distinguish between four elite cultivars using only high-resolution agarose electrophoresis with eleven SSR makers. Fragment sizes differing by seven base pairs or more could be easily separated. Of the eleven SSR markers, five markers exhibited visible polymorphisms between the four cultivars. Two SSR markers were found that could distinguish between all four cultivars. These results indicate that this method could be used to identify cultivars within a much larger selected group. Although agarose gel electrophoresis does not have the precision of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it might find great utility with SSR markers for soybean cultivar identification.
Linkage Test of Necrotic Root (Rn1) with Chlorophyll-deficient (Y18)
Authors:
R. G. Palmer
Abstract:
The necrotic root mutant locus (Rn1) has been tested for linkage with Fr1 root fluorescence, classical linkage group 1, (LG1), Pgm1 phosphoglucomutase, (LG15), Mdh1 malate dehydrogenase, Idh1 isocitrate dehydrogenase, (LG11), Ep seed coat peroxidase, (LG12), W4 flower color, and CD-5 chlorophyll deficient (Kosslak et al., 1996; Wubben and Palmer 1998; Palmer 2005). No linkage was detected. The necrotic root mutants descended from germinal revertants in the w4-mutable line (Palmer et al. 1989). The chlorophyll-deficient mutant y18 is descended from Y18-m, T225M (Sheridan and Palmer 1975). The Y18 mutant is a duplicate factor mutant. Y18-1 and Y18-2 are located on the USDA/ISU molecular map on linkage groups B2 and D2, respectively (Kato and Palmer, 2004). Our objective was to test for linkage between the necrotic root mutant locus, Rn1, and the duplicate chlorophyll-deficient mutant locus, Y18.
In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], five necrotic root mutants have been identified. Three were recovered among germinal revertant progeny of the w4-mutable line (Palmer et al., 1989) and they are allelic (Kosslak et al., 1996). Twenty three necrotic root mutants were identified in a second gene tagging study with the w4-mutable line. One has been tested and was allelic to the three from w4-mutable (Andersen and Palmer, 1997). The fifth characterized necrotic root mutant was identified in family EMS-95 which was descended from EMS treated cultivar AgriPro 1776 (Palmer and Wubben, 1998). This EMS mutant necrotic root line was allelic to the previous four characterized necrotic root mutant lines. Necrotic root is a programmed cell death mutant (Kosslak et al., 1997). Our objective was to determine the inheritance and the allelism of two additional necrotic root mutants, NR-4 and NR-5, which were identified (spontaneous mutations) in our genetic studies.
Linkage Test of Necrotic Root (Rn1) with Root Fluorescence (Fr1)
Authors:
R. G. Palmer
Abstract:
Five recessive allelic necrotic root mutants have been identified in cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Four descended from germinal revertants in the w4-mutable line of soybean (Kosslak et al., 1996; Andersen and Palmer, 1979). The fifth necrotic root mutant was identified in family EMS-95, which was derived from EMS-treated cultivar AgriPro 1776 (Palmer and Wubben, 1998). Necrotic root is a programmed cell death mutant (Kosslak et al., 1997). Linkage tests were done with the necrotic root mutant and phosphoglucomutase (E.C.2.7.5-1), malate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.37), aconitase (E.C.4.2.1.3), diaphorase (E.C.1.6.4.3), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.42) (Kosslak et al., 1996), and with seed coat peroxidase (Wubben and Palmer, 1998). The necrotic root mutant was not linked to any of the loci tested. Our objective was to test determine if the root fluorescence Fr1 locus was linked to the necrotic root Rn1 locus.